美国2015年版1美分硬币（收于2018年）美国全称"美利坚合众国"；"山姆大叔"为其本国象征；由华盛顿哥伦比亚特区、50个州和关岛等众多海外领土组成的联邦共和立宪制国家；总面积937.3万平方公里；全国人口3.30亿（2019年1月）；首都华盛顿；总统唐纳德·特朗普。
美国原为印第安人的聚居地。1607年，英国在北美建了第一个永久性殖民地---詹姆士镇。18世纪中叶，13个英国殖民地逐渐形成，它们在英国的最高主权下有各自的政府和议会；1773年的波士顿倾茶事件在马萨诸塞州列克星顿点燃了战火，北美独立战争爆发；1776年7月美利坚合众国正式成立；1787年，成立联邦制国家，华盛顿被推为主席。1812-1815年，英国再度入侵刚成立的美国，史称美国第二次独立战争；独立战争后，一直为联邦与邦联两个制度所困扰；虽然《密西比妥协案》维持了近30年的和平，但是随著林肯的执政，南方各州以北方各州漠视他们的州权为由，宣告独立，脱离美利坚合众国，另组美利坚联盟国；1863年，林肯颁布了《解放黑人奴隶宣言》和《宅地法》，北方扭转了不利的局面；1865年4月9日，南方政府以失败告终；这项胜利不但使美国恢复了统一，而且从此全国各地不再施行奴隶制度；4月15日，总统林肯在福特剧院遇刺身亡。19世纪初期以来，美国的西进运动，又称为血泪之路，驱逐和消灭了本土的印第安人。1898年吞并夏威夷群岛。1932年，富兰克林·罗斯福当选总统，全面推行以政府干预市场为主要手段的"罗斯福新政"。二战后，随着轴心国的战败、英法实力的衰退，美国和苏联成为了超级大国；世界被分成了东西方两大阵营。为了遏制苏联，美国、加拿大和10个西欧国家共同建立了北大西洋公约组织，简称"北约"，以联合盟国对抗任何向北美和欧洲的军事入侵，后来又有14个欧洲国家陆续加入了这一共同防御联盟，包括土耳其和一些前华沙条约成员国以及部分苏联加盟共和国。1978年12月16日，中美两国发表了《中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国关于建立外交关系的联合公报》。1979年1月1日，两国正式建立大使级外交关系。1991年苏联解体，美国成为超级大国。2018年4月6日，美国政府宣布新一轮对俄罗斯的制裁，其中包括24名个人和14个实体。2018年5月8日，美国总统特朗普宣布，美国将退出伊朗核协议，恢复对伊核领域的制裁；2018年6月22日，美国总统唐纳德·特朗普签署行政令，把2008年延续至今的"涉及朝鲜（威胁）的国家紧急状态"延长一年、保持对朝鲜的经济制裁。
美国是一个高度发达的资本主义国家，在经济、文化、工业等领域都处于全世界领先地位；煤炭储量居世界第一位。铜矿储量居世界第二位；铅矿储量居世界首位；原油储量居世界第12位；天然气储量居世界第7位；林地面积仅次于加拿大和巴西，居全球第三位；2013年，美国国内生产总值居世界国家和地区第1名；人均国内生产总值居世界国家和地区第10名。花旗集团为世界上最大的金融服务公司。美国是世界上第一大进口国和第三大出口国，是中国第一大出口市场、第六大进口来源地。美国也是唯一一个垃圾生产能力超过回收能力的发达国家；英国风险评估公司在对194个国家垃圾产生和回收情况进行调查评估后发现，美国人口占世界总人口的4%，产生的垃圾占总量的12%，可以被称作"世界头号垃圾制造者"。
根据美国财政部下属的"烟酒和火器管理局"1998年统计：约有2.5亿多支枪械流散在民间；拥有全球最高记录的监禁率和最多的囚犯数；2006年美国的关押率是经济合作与发展组织中最高的国家；2008年初有超过230万人处于监禁中，几乎每100名成年人就有超过1人被关押；非裔美国男性的在押率是白人男性的6倍、拉丁裔男性的三倍。
美元，是美国的法定货币；1美元等于100美分；美分是美元最小的使用单位。在二战以后，欧洲大陆国家与美国达成协议同意使用美元进行国际支付，此后美元作为储备货币最终成为国际货币；1971年出现的"美元危机"，美元在全世界的泛滥成灾，最终导致美国黄金储备面临枯竭的危机，美元失去了其等同黄金的特殊地位---美元不再有法定含金量。一直以来，美国以自己的利益为中心，动辄挥舞制裁大棒咄咄逼人，使得许多国家不满，推高了国际社会对"去美元化"的呼声，绕开美元而使用其他货币结算，已经成了很多国家的共识。此1美分硬币，含铜2.5%，其余全是金属锌。正面主图为美国第16任总统亚伯拉罕—林肯侧面头像、IN GOD WE TRUST（信仰上帝）、LIBERTY（自由）、铸造年份2015和代表铸造厂的字母。背面图案为联盟盾牌（由13条条纹组成，分别代表美国最早独立的13个州）、题铭E PLURIBUS UNUM（合众为一）、ONE CENT（一美分）、上面是国名United States of America（美利坚合众国）。The full name of the United States is "United States of America"; "Uncle Sam" is the symbol of his country. A federal republic constitutional state composed of many overseas territories such as Washington, D.C., 50 states and Guam. The total area is 9.933 million square kilometers. The national population is 330 million (January 2019); Washington, the capital city; President Donald Trump.
The United States was originally native Indians settlement. In 1607, Britain established the first permanent colony in North America-Jamestown. In the middle of the 18th century, 13 British colonies were gradually formed. They had their own governments and parliaments under Britain's supreme sovereignty. The Boston Tea Party in 1773 ignited the war in Lexington, Massachusetts, and the War of Independence broke out in North America. The United States of America was formally established in July 1776. In 1787, a federal state was established and Washington was elected chairman. From 1812 to 1815, Britain invaded the newly established United States again, which was called the Second War of Independence. After the war of independence, it has been troubled by the two systems of Federation and Confederacy. Although the Misibi Compromise has maintained peace for nearly 30 years, with Lincoln's administration, the southern states declared independence from the United States of America and formed another group of United States states on the grounds that the northern states ignored their statehood. In 1863, Lincoln promulgated the Declaration on the Liberation of Black Slaves and the Homestead Act, which reversed the unfavorable situation in the North. On April 9, 1865, the southern government ended in failure. This victory not only restored the unity of the United States, but also abolished slavery throughout the country. On April 15, President Lincoln was assassinated in Ford Theater. Since the early 19th century, the westward movement of the United States, also known as the road of blood and tears, expelled and wiped out native Indians. The Hawaiian Islands were annexed in 1898. In 1932, franklin roosevelt was elected President and fully implemented the "Roosevelt New Deal" with government intervention in the market as the main means. After World War II, with the defeat of the Axis powers and the decline of Anglo-French power, the United States and the Soviet Union became superpowers. The world is divided into two camps, east and west. In order to contain the Soviet Union, the United States, Canada and 10 Western European countries jointly established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO for short, to unite their allies against any military invasion into North America and Europe. Later, 14 European countries successively joined the common defense alliance, including Turkey, some former Warsaw Pact members and some Soviet Union member states. On December 16, 1978, China and the United States issued the Joint Communique of the People's Republic of China and the United States of America on Establishing Diplomatic Relations. On January 1, 1979, the two countries formally established diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level. When the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, the United States became a superpower. On April 6, 2018, the U.S. government announced a new round of sanctions against Russia, including 24 individuals and 14 entities. On May 8, 2018, U.S. President Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Iran nuclear agreement and resume sanctions on the Iranian nuclear field. On June 22, 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order to extend the "state of emergency involving North Korea (threat)" that has continued since 2008 for one year and maintain economic sanctions against North Korea.
The United States is a highly developed capitalist country, leading the world in economy, culture, industry and other fields. Coal reserves rank first in the world. Copper reserves rank second in the world. Lead ore reserves rank first in the world. Crude oil reserves rank 12th in the world. Natural gas reserves rank 7th in the world. Forest land area is second only to Canada and Brazil, ranking third in the world. In 2013, U.S. GDP ranked first among countries and regions in the world. Per capita GDP ranks 10th among countries and regions in the world. Citigroup is the world's largest financial services company. The United States is the world's largest importer and third largest exporter, China's largest export market and sixth largest source of imports. The United States is also the only developed country whose garbage production capacity exceeds its recycling capacity. After investigating and evaluating the waste generation and recycling in 194 countries, the UK Risk Assessment Company found that the US population accounts for 4% of the world's total population and the waste generated accounts for 12% of the total. It can be called "the world's number one waste producer".
According to the statistics of the "alcohol, tobacco and firearms administration" under the U.S. treasury department in 1998, there are about 250 million firearms scattered among the public. The highest incarceration rate and the largest number of prisoners in the world; In 2006, the detention rate in the United States was the highest in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. At the beginning of 2008, more than 2.3 million people were in prison, with almost one person in custody for every 100 adults. The incarceration rate of African American men is six times that of white men and three times that of Latino men.
U.S. dollar is the legal currency of the United States; 1 U.S. dollar equals 100 cents; cents is the smallest unit of use of the U.S. dollar. After World War II, European countries and the United States reached an agreement to use the United States dollar for international payments, and then the United States dollar as a reserve currency eventually became an international currency. The "dollar crisis" in 1971, the United States dollar in the world's rampant, eventually led to the United States gold reserves facing the crisis of exhaustion, the United States dollar lost its special status of gold equivalent - the United States dollar no longer has legal status Gold content. For a long time, the United States, with its own interests as the center, has always been aggressive in wielding sanctions, making many countries dissatisfied, pushing up the international community's call for "de dollarization", bypassing the dollar and using other currencies for settlement, which has become the consensus of many countries. This one cent coin contains 2.5% copper and the rest is all zinc. The front main picture shows the side portrait of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, in God we trust, liberty, casting year 2015, and the letters representing the foundry. On the back is the union shield (composed of 13 stripes, representing the 13 earliest independent states of the United States), the inscription e pluribus unum (United States of America), one cent, and the national name United States of America (United States of America)
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